Segment 1

VOICEOVER

Located on the Equator, adjoining the international dateline, Kiribati is a nation made up of 33 coral atolls. Around 100,000 people live here, with half of them crowded into one island, South Tarawa -- an island 16 square kilometers in area and only 450 meters at its widest point, supporting a population density similar to Hong Kong. A lot of people, a small space, and an isolated region, making sustainability a real issue. But the most interesting dimension of all is the average height above sea level: less than two meters. The nation's president, Anote Tong, is warning the world Kiribati could become the first country to fall victim to climate change.

ANOTE TONG [President of Kiribati]

Previously I thought 2060 would be safe, maybe getting too close to the edge. But now it seems that it might be a lot earlier; I think 2030 might be more realistic. But I think the response has to be much earlier than that.

INTERVIEWER

When you say 2030, are you saying as soon as 20 years, perhaps?

ANOTE TONG

I think virtually, yes, the next 20 years.

VOICEOVER

Global warming is being blamed for changing weather patterns, rising sea levels, and an increase in storm surge activity, tearing away at the coastline; coconut and breadfruit trees dying as salination claims previously fertile land; climate change exacerbating issues the country has faced for centuries due to drought and limited fresh water. Add in overpopulation and it's a recipe for disaster.

ARTA [Abaiang Island Elder]

I can feel that the sun is getting hotter and at the same time I feel there has been an increase in the level of the seawater

VOICEOVER

Arta's lived on Abaiang for more than 50 years, watching parts of his island completely disappear during storms, projected to become more intense as the climate changes.

EMIL SCHULZ [Former Public Works Minister]

It's very fragile, 200 meters is actually nothing, you know? That can go in a matter of hours of strong winds and high tides here.

REPORTER

If what appears to be the effect of climate change continues to take its course here in Kiribati, it won't be rising sea levels inundating the land that drives these people from the islands. Lack of a water supply will be the major issue, as the combined effects of erosion, storm surges, and drought continue to take their toll on an already fragile system.

MARELLA REBGETZ [Climate Change Adaptation Worker]

The country will be uninhabitable long before it's underwater.

VOICEOVER

Marella Rebgetz is engaged in an Australian-supported program aimed at adapting the country to climate change, working with the Kiribati government to increase understanding of the impacts and developing appropriate responses.

MARELLA REBGETZ

There is no above-ground water in Kiribati. It's all in the water lens.

VOICEOVER

Fresh water is drawn from wells sunk into the lens -- a zone of clean water below the surface of the island.

MARELLA REBGETZ

Most places are only a meter, meter-and-a-half deep, and so if anybody has toilets nearby, if they have pigs nearby, if they've buried grandma nearby, all the waste can easily penetrate the water lens, so it's very fragile

VOICEOVER

A fragility further threatened by storms and resulting erosion. As islands shrink, so too does the water supply.

EMIL SCHULZ

People have actually had to move further inland so they can get access to better ground water.

VOICEOVER

One of the President's responses is training programs enabling young people to develop skills and become more attractive migrants. Examples include a Maritime Training College for sailors and the new Australian government-funded Kiribati Australia Nurses' Initiative being run through Griffith University in Queensland.

NURSING STUDENT

So what's the point of going back when Kiribati is sinking or getting vanished or submerged?

ANOTE TONG

If we are losing our homeland, potentially our culture, surely we can at least try to maintain our dignity in moving to the new adopted countries. And so the way to do it is to train our people.

VOICEOVER

But it's not that straightforward for everyone and it's an issue being debated across the Pacific: the people of Kiribati are not alone in facing an uncertain future.

SISTER CLAIRE ANTEREA [Our Lady of Sacred Heart Church]

Old people, they don't want to change. They still always want to be where they are, but young people now, they want to move, to move on.

VOICEOVER

In this deeply Christian country, climate change is a regular topic of Sunday homilies. Those subscribing to the Old Testament have their own theories on rising sea levels.

KAIARAKE TABURUEA [Kiribati Adaptation Project worker]

According to the bible, God promised Noah that there would be no second flood.

VOICEOVER

In the meantime, life goes on. The people of Kiribati are not giving up: their land, their culture, and pride are far too important. But when the world gathers at the climate change conference in Copenhagen later this year, expect to hear more of President Anote Tong.